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The oral microbiome is a fascinating ecosystem composed of over 700 microbial species, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea. This microbiome plays a crucial role in oral health by contributing to digestion and protecting against pathogens. Predominantly dominated by bacterial genera such as Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus, the oral microbiome varies between individuals and is influenced by factors such as age, diet, lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol consumption), and even the use of medications like antibiotics.
Microorganisms in the oral cavity colonize various surfaces, including teeth, the tongue, gums, the palate, and cheeks, forming complex biofilms. These biofilms are highly organized microbial communities that adhere to dental surfaces, contributing to plaque formation.
Oral biofilms are essential for maintaining oral health, but inadequate oral hygiene can lead to excessive plaque accumulation. Dental plaque constantly forms on tooth surfaces, and when oral hygiene is regularly maintained, it remains in an “immature” state and at low levels.
However, poor oral hygiene leads to excessive plaque buildup, a primary cause of periodontal diseases. If not removed through regular brushing, plaque hardens into tartar, promoting the growth of harmful bacteria. These bacteria produce endotoxins and enzymes that penetrate the gums, triggering an inflammatory response. This can lead to gingivitis, an early stage of periodontal disease characterized by red, swollen, and easily bleeding gums. One of the key bacterial species implicated in gingivitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Dental caries, on the other hand, result from plaque accumulation on tooth surfaces, particularly in the presence of sugars. Bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus play a key role in cavity formation by fermenting sugars and producing acids that demineralize tooth enamel.
To prevent plaque formation, mouthwashes can be beneficial. Products containing chlorhexidine gluconate inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by reducing biofilm formation and plaque buildup. These mouthwashes provide a prolonged antibacterial effect, helping to prevent oral infections and reduce gum inflammation.
Oral probiotics, such as specific strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have also proven effective in maintaining a balanced oral microbiome. These beneficial bacteria act through several mechanisms to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms:
Competition for adhesion sites: Probiotics occupy surfaces where pathogens might attach.
Production of antimicrobial compounds: They release substances that inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans.
Enhancement of local immunity: Probiotics stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), strengthening natural defenses against infections.
Where Does BYOME LABS Fit In?
At BYOME LABS, we utilize advanced oral microbiome analysis techniques to help oral care brands evaluate the efficacy of their products and ensure they maintain this critical microbial balance. We support brands in developing targeted, effective solutions to restore a healthy oral microbiome and prevent oral diseases.
Sources :
Oral microbiota in human health and disease: A perspective – PMC
The oral microbiome: diversity, biogeography and human health – PMC
The Role of Oral Microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis – PMC
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